Comparative Sensitivty of Five Species of Macrophytes and Six Species of Algae to Atrazine, Metribuzin, Alachlor, and Metolachlor

Metadata:

Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator:
James F. Fairchild, D. Shane Ruessler and A. Ron Carlson
Publication_Date: 1998
Title:
Comparative Sensitivty of Five Species of Macrophytes and Six Species of Algae to Atrazine, Metribuzin, Alachlor, and Metolachlor
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Columbia, Missouri
Publisher:
U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Columbia Environmental Research Center (formerly known as Environmental and Contaminants Research Center)
Description:
Abstract:
This data relates to the relative sensitivity of five species of aquatic macrophytes and six species of algae to four commonly used herbicides (atrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, and metoachlor). Toxicity tests consisted of 96 hour (duckweed and algae) or 14 day (submerged macrophytes) static exposures. The triazine herbicides (atrazine and metribuzin) were significantly more toxic to aquatic plants than were the acetanilide herbicides (alachlor and metolachlor). Toxicity studies ranked metribuzin > atrazine > alachlor > metolachlor in decreasing order of overall toxicity to aquatic plants. Relative sensitivities of macrophytes to thse herbicides decreased in the order of Ceratophyllum > Najas > Elodea > Lemna > Myriophyllum. Relative sensitivities of algae to herbicides decreased in the order of Selenastrum > Chlorella > Chlamydomonas > Microcystis > Scenedesmus > Anabaena. Algae and macrophytes were of similar overall sensitivities to herbicides. Data indicated that Selenastrum, a commonly tested green alga, was generally more sensitive compared to other plant species. Lemna minor, a commonly tested floating vascular plant, was of intermediate sensitivity, and was fivefold less sensitive than Ceratophyllum, which was the most sensitive species tested. The results indicated that no species was consistently most sensitive, and that a suite of aquatic plant test species may be needed to perform accurate risk assessments of herbicides.
Purpose:
This study was conducted to determine the relative sensitivities of five species of macrophytes and six species of algae to atrazine, metribuzine, alachlor, and metolachlor.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 19941001
Ending_Date: 19951001
Currentness_Reference: ground condition
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: herbicides
Theme_Keyword: toxicity
Taxonomy:
Taxonomic_Keywords: algae
Taxonomic_Keywords: macrophytes
Taxonomic_Keywords: aquatic plants
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Ceratophyllaceae
Genus: Ceratophyllum
Species: Ceratophyllum demersum
General_Taxonomic_Coverage: macrophyte
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Chlorophycota
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Chlorococcales
Family: Scenedesmaceae
Genus: Scenedesmus
Species: Scenedesmus quadricauda
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Chlorophycota
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Chlorococcales
Genus: Microcystis
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Chlorophycota
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Chlorococcales
Genus: Anabaena
Species: Anabaena flosque
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Najadales
Family: Najadaceae
Genus: Najas
General_Taxonomic_Coverage: macrophyte
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Chlorophycota
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Chlorococcales
Family: Scenedesmaceae
Genus: Selenastrum
Species: Selenastrum capricornutum
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Chlorophycota
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Chlorococcales
Family: Oocystaceae
Genus: Chlorella
Species: Chlorella vulgaris
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Chlorophycota
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Volvocales
Family: Chlamydomonadaceae
Genus: Chlamydomonas
Species: Chlamydomonas reinhardi
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Arales
Family: Lemnaceae
Genus: Lemna
Species: Lemna minor
Applicable_Common_Names: duckweed
General_Taxonomic_Coverage: macrophyte
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Liliopsida
Family: Hydrocharitaceae
Genus: Elodea
Species: Elodea canadensis
General_Taxonomic_Coverage: macrophyte
Taxonomic_Coverage:
Specific_Taxonomic_Information:
Kingdom: Plant
Division-Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Haloragales
Family: Haloragaceae
Genus: Myriophyllum
Species: Myriophyllum heterophyllum
General_Taxonomic_Coverage: macrophyte
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints: None
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: James F. Fairchild
Contact_Organization:
U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources
Division, Columbia Environmental Research Center
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 4200 New Haven Rd.
City: Columbia
State_or_Province: Missouri
Postal_Code: 65201
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (573) 876-1871
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (573) 876-1896
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: James_Fairchild@usgs.gov
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator:
James F. Fairchild, D. Shane Ruessler and A. Ron Carlson
Publication_Date: 1998
Title:
Comparative Sensitivity of Five Species of Macrophytes and Six Species of Algae to Atrazine, Metribuzin, Alachlor, and Metolachlor.
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Issue_Identification: Vol. 17, No. 9
Other_Citation_Details: pp. 1830-1834
Data_Quality_Information:
Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable
Completeness_Report:
Five species of macrophytes and six species of algae were exposed to four commonly used herbicides to determine their relative sensitivities.
Lineage:
Methodology:
Methodology_Type: Lab
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: algal test procedures
Methodology_Description:
All experiments were conducted under the same temperature and lighting conditions as the cultures. Algal tests were conducted using modifications of an ASTM method. Primary modifications of the standard procedure involved testing the algae in foam-stoppered 15-ml tubes (5-ml ASTM medium; 20,000 cells/ml initial density) and use of a 16 hour:8 light:dark schedule. Test tubes were randomly positioned at a 30 degree angle from horizontal on the light table to maximize the air to water surface ratio and minimize CO2 limitation. Algal biomass was estimated at 48, 72, and 96 hour using in vivo fluorescence measures with a Turner Model 10 Fluorometer (Turner Designs, Sunnyvale, CA). Fluorescence measurements were taken by mixing the tube on a mechanical shaker and then directly inserting the test tube into the Flurometer counting chamber (i.e., no sub-sampling or extraction).
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: American Society for Testing and Materials
Publication_Date: 1995
Title: Annual Book of ASTM Standards
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Annual Book of ASTM Standards
Issue_Identification: Vol 11.05
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Publisher: American Society for Testing and Materials
Methodology_Type: Lab
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: culture procedures
Methodology_Description:
Algae (Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Microcystis sp., and Anabaena flosque) and three species of macrophytes (Lemna minor, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Elodea canadensis) were obtained from commercial sources. Myriophyllum heterophyllum and Najas sp. were obtained from ponds located at the Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri. All plants were cultured under the same lighting (16 hours:8 hours light:dark cycle; 60 microE meters squared per seconds intensity; cool-white fluorescent bulbs) and temperature conditions (25 degrees C) except for the blue-green algae (Anabaena and Microcystis species), which were cultured and tested at 30 micro E meters squared per second light intensity. Algae were cultured in 250 ml. Erlenmeyer flasks containing American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) medium which was originally the algal assay medum of Miller et al. Fresh algal cultures were started every 2 weeks from the existing stock by reinoculating in fresh medium. Lemna as cultured in 4-L round aquaria containing the modified ASTM medium described by Taraldsen and Norberg. Submerged macrophytes (Elodea, Ceratophyllum, and Myriophyllum) were cultured in large aquaria (approximately i m long x 0.5 m wide x 0.1 m deep) containing ASTM medium with no substrates. Plants were cultured for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to testing.
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: American Society for Testing and Materials
Publication_Date: 1995
Title: Annual Book of ASTM Standards
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Annual Book of ASTM Standards
Issue_Identification: Vol 11.05
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Publisher: American Society for Testing and Materials
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Miller W.E.; Greene, J.C., Shiroyama, T.
Publication_Date: 1978
Title:
The Selenastrum capricornutum Printz algal assay bottle test: Experimental Design, application, and data interpretation protocol.
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Environmental Protection Agency publication
Issue_Identification: EPA-600/9-78-018
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Corvallis, Oregon
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: American Public Health Association
Originator: American Water Works Association
Originator: Water Pollution Control Federation
Publication_Date: 1992
Title:
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Washington, D.C.
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Methodology_Type: Lab
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: Lemna test procedures
Methodology_Description:
Lemna tests were conducted according to the 96 hour static test method of Taraldson and Norberg-King. Twelve fronds were added to 25 ml of nutrient-enriched water (i.e., NEW medium; which is basically a 10 times solution of the algal medium [with no ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid] amended with a commercial soil added at 10g/L). Beakers were shaken once daily. Fronds were counted under a magnifying glass (10x) at 48, 72, and 96 hour exposure intervals.
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Taraldson, J.E. and Norberg-King, T.J.
Publication_Date: 1990
Title:
New Method for determining effluent toxicity using duckweed (Lemna minor)
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Environ Toxicol Chem
Issue_Identification: 9:761-767
Methodology_Type: Lab
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: Elodea and Myriophyllum test procedures
Methodology_Description:
Three apical cuttings (for Elodea or Myriophyllum) or one apical, multibranched clump (for Ceratophyllum) were tested under static conditions in 1-L beakers containing sediment (100 ml volume wet pond sediment) and ASTM medium (800 ml) with no aeration. On days 7 and 14 the plants were removed, wet-blotted, and weighed (0.01 g) for wet weight. This testing design was adopted following pilot studies that compared the effects of sediment, aeration, and nutrient-enriched medium on macrophyte growth. Results showed that aeration had no positive effects. The presence of sediments resulted in good growth but minimized accumulation of nuisance algae on macrophyte surfaces, which often occurred with high-nutrient aqueous medias. Although the presence of sediment can alter the availability of hydrophobic contaminants, the investigators believed that this would not be a major factor in this study due to the relatively low octanol-water partition coefficients (i.e., < 200) of these herbicides.
Methodology_Type: Lab
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: macrophyte test procedures
Methodology_Description:
Sediments used in the macrophyte studes were obtained from experimental ponds at CERC and were characterized for particle size, pH, ammonium-N, nitrate-N, and organic matter content by the UMC Soils Lab located in Mumford Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Total organic carbon was measured at CERC using a Coulometrics Model 1050 Carbon Analyzer (UIC, Joliet, IL). Sediments were classified as a silty-clay loam soil (consisting of 18% sand, 52% silt, and 30% clay; 6.1% organic carbon; 9.7% organic matter; 7.2 pH; 7.1 ppm NH4-N; and 36.1 ppm NO3-N).
Methodology_Type: Lab
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: Najas test procedures
Methodology_Description:
Najas plants were obtained as newly emerged seedlings that naturally germinated from the same pond sediments described in the experimental ponds at CERC. One-liter beakers containing 100-ml of sediment and 800-ml ASTM medium were incubated under the standard test conditions of light and temperature until plants germinated and grew to approximately 3 cm height (approximately 2 weeks). At this point the herbicides were added for a 14 day exposure similar to the other macrophytes. On day 14 plants were sieved, removed, washed, and weighed (+/- 0.01 g) for wet weight.
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Data were calculated as percent control response. Algal median effective concentrations (EC50s) were determined using inverse nonlinear regression and SAS/STAT software. Macrophyte EC50s were determined using the trimmed Spearman-Karber technique using TOXSTAT software. Graphic interpolation was used to estimate EC50 values in cases where the lowest concentration tested resulted in greater than 50% decrease compared to controls. Comparisons of the relative sensitivities of various plant species within and across the four test chemicals were made using analysis of variance of ranked data (p < or = 0.05) using SAS/STAT.
Process_Date: 19951001
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Indirect_Spatial_Reference: No spatial reference.
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
Entity - 5 species of macrophytes and six species of algae; Associated attributes - Toxicity to aquatic plants, 96 hour test, 14 day test.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: unknown
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization:
U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources
Division, Columbia Environmental Research Center
Contact_Person: Christopher Henke
Contact_Position: Webmaster
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 4200 New Haven Rd
City: Columbia
State_or_Province: MO
Postal_Code: 65201
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 573-875-5399
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 573-876-1896
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: chris_henke@usgs.gov
Distribution_Liability:
Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the accuracy or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data and aggregate use with other data. It is strongly recommended that these data are directly acquired from a U.S. Geological Survey server, and not indirectly through other sources which may have changed the data in some way. It is also strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with these data. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein.
Custom_Order_Process: Please contact distributor.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 200003
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization:
Raytheon Information Technology and Scientific
Services (ITSS)
Contact_Person: Cheryl Solomon
Contact_Position: Ecosystem Coordinator
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
Address: 4500 Forbes Boulevard
City: Lanham
State_or_Province: MD
Postal_Code: 20706
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301 794-3049
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301 794-3164
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: solomon@gcmd.nasa.gov
Metadata_Standard_Name:
NBII Content Standard for National Biological Information Infrastructure Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: December 1995
Metadata_Access_Constraints: None
Metadata_Use_Constraints: None
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